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HashiCorp TA-002-P Sample Question Answers
Question # 1
You have written a terraform IaC script which was working till yesterday , but is giving somevague error from today , which you are unable to understand . You want more detailed logsthat could potentially help you troubleshoot the issue , and understand the root cause.What can you do to enable this setting? Please note , you are using terraform OSS.
A. Terraform OSS can push all its logs to a syslog endpoint. As such, you have to set upthe syslog sink, and enable TF_LOG_PATH env variable to the syslog endpoint and alllogs will automatically start streaming. B. Detailed logs are not available in terraform OSS, except the crash message. You needto upgrade to terraform enterprise for this point. C. Enable the TF_LOG_PATH to the log sink file location, and logging output willautomatically be stored there. D. Enable TF_LOG to the log level DEBUG, and then set TF_LOG_PATH to the log sinkfile location. Terraform debug logs will be dumped to the sink path, even in terraform OSS.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Terraform has detailed logs which can be enabled by setting the TF_LOG environment
variable to any value. This will cause detailed logs to appear on stderr.
You can set TF_LOG to one of the log levels TRACE, DEBUG, INFO, WARN or ERROR to
change the verbosity of the logs. TRACE is the most verbose and it is the default if
TF_LOG is set to something other than a log level name.
To persist logged output you can set TF_LOG_PATH in order to force the log to always be
appended to a specific file when logging is enabled. Note that even when TF_LOG_PATH
is set, TF_LOG must be set in order for any logging to be enabled.
Question # 2
What Terraform command can be used to inspect the current state file?
A. terraform inspect B. terraform read C. terraform show D. terraform state
Answer: C
Question # 3
State is a requirement for Terraform to function
A. True B. False
Answer: A
Explanation: State is a necessary requirement for Terraform to function. It is often asked if it is possible for Terraform to work without state, or for Terraform to not use state and just inspect cloud resources on every run. Purpose of Terraform State State is a necessary requirement for Terraform to function. It is often asked if it is possible for Terraform to work without state, or for Terraform to not use state and just inspect cloud resources on every run. This page will help explain why Terraform state is required. As you'll see from the reasons below, state is required. And in the scenarios where Terraform may be able to get away without state, doing so would require shifting massive amounts of complexity from one place (state) to another place (the replacement concept). 1. Mapping to the Real World Terraform requires some sort of database to map Terraform config to the real world. When you have a resource resource "aws_instance" "foo" in your configuration, Terraform uses this map to know that instance i- abcd1234 is represented by that resource. For some providers like AWS, Terraform could theoretically use something like AWS tags. Early prototypes of Terraform actually had no state files and used this method. However, we quickly ran into problems. The first major issue was a simple one: not all resources support tags, and not all cloud providers support tags. Therefore, for mapping configuration to resources in the real world, Terraform uses its own state structure. 2. Metadata Alongside the mappings between resources and remote objects, Terraform must also track metadata such as resource dependencies. Terraform typically uses the configuration to determine dependency order. However, when you delete a resource from a Terraform configuration, Terraform must know how to delete that resource. Terraform can see that a mapping exists for a resource not in your configuration and plan to destroy. However, since the configuration no longer exists, the order cannot be determined from the configuration alone. To ensure correct operation, Terraform retains a copy of the most recent set of dependencies within the state. Now Terraform can still determine the correct order for destruction from the state when you delete one or more items from the configuration. One way to avoid this would be for Terraform to know a required ordering between resource types. For example, Terraform could know that servers must be deleted before the subnets they are a part of. The complexity for this approach quickly explodes, however: in addition to Terraform having to understand the ordering semantics of every resource for every cloud, Terraform must also understand the ordering across providers. Terraform also stores other metadata for similar reasons, such as a pointer to the provider configuration that was most recently used with the resource in situations where multiple aliased providers are present. 3. Performance In addition to basic mapping, Terraform stores a cache of the attribute values for all resources in the state. This is the most optional feature of Terraform state and is done only as a performance improvement. When running a terraform plan, Terraform must know the current state of resources in order to effectively determine the changes that it needs to make to reach your desired configuration. For small infrastructures, Terraform can query your providers and sync the latest attributes from all your resources. This is the default behavior of Terraform: for every plan and apply, Terraform will sync all resources in your state. For larger infrastructures, querying every resource is too slow. Many cloud providers do not provide APIs to query multiple resources at once, and the round trip time for each resource is hundreds of milliseconds. On top of this, cloud providers almost always have API rate limiting so Terraform can only request a certain number of resources in a period of time. Larger users of Terraform make heavy use of the -refresh=false flag as well as the -target flag in order to work around this. In these scenarios, the cached state is treated as the record of truth. 4. Syncing In the default configuration, Terraform stores the state in a file in the current working directory where Terraform was run. This is okay for getting started, but when using Terraform in a team it is important for everyone to be working with the same state so that operations will be applied to the same remote objects. Remote state is the recommended solution to this problem. With a fully-featured state backend, Terraform can use remote locking as a measure to avoid two or more different users accidentally running Terraform at the same time, and thus ensure that each Terraform run begins with the most recent updated state.
Question # 4
Given the Terraform configuration below, in which order will the resources be created?1. resource "aws_instance" "web_server"2. {3. ami = "ami-b374d5a5"4. instance_type = "t2.micro"5. }6. resource "aws_eip" "web_server_ip"7. {8. vpc = true instance = aws_instance.web_server.id9. }
A. aws_eip will be created first aws_instance will be created second B. aws_eip will be created first aws_instance will be created second C. Resources will be created simultaneously D. aws_instance will be created first aws_eip will be created second
Answer: D
Explanation: Implicit and Explicit Dependencies By studying the resource attributes used in interpolation expressions, Terraform can automatically infer when one resource depends on another. In the example above, the reference to aws_instance.web_server.id creates an implicit dependency on the aws_instance named web_server. Terraform uses this dependency information to determine the correct order in which to create the different resources. # Example of Implicit Dependency resource "aws_instance" "web_server" { ami = "ami-b374d5a5" instance_type = "t2.micro" } resource "aws_eip" "web_server_ip" { vpc = true instance = aws_instance.web_server.id } In the example above, Terraform knows that the aws_instance must be created before the aws_eip. Implicit dependencies via interpolation expressions are the primary way to inform Terraform about these relationships, and should be used whenever possible. Sometimes there are dependencies between resources that are not visible to Terraform. The depends_on argument is accepted by any resource and accepts a list of resources to create explicit dependencies for. For example, perhaps an application we will run on our EC2 instance expects to use a specific Amazon S3 bucket, but that dependency is configured inside the application code and thus not visible to Terraform. In that case, we can use depends_on to explicitly declare the dependency: # Example of Explicit Dependency # New resource for the S3 bucket our application will use. resource "aws_s3_bucket" "example" { bucket = "terraform-getting-started-guide" acl = "private" } # Change the aws_instance we declared earlier to now include "depends_on" resource "aws_instance" "example" { ami = "ami-2757f631" instance_type = "t2.micro" # Tells Terraform that this EC2 instance must be created only after the # S3 bucket has been created. depends_on = [aws_s3_bucket.example] } https://learn.hashicorp.com/terraform/getting-started/dependencies.html
Question # 5
True or False? Each Terraform workspace uses its own state file to manage theinfrastructure associated with that particular workspace.
A. False B. True
Answer: B
Explanation: Explanation
The persistent data stored in the backend belongs to a workspace. Initially, the backend
has only one workspace, called "default", and thus there is only one Terraform state
associated with that configuration.
Question # 6
Your team uses terraform OSS . You have created a number of resuable modules forimportant , independent network components that you want to share with your team toenhance consistency . What is the correct option/way to do that?
A. Terraform modules cannot be shared in OSS version . Each developer needs tomaintain their own modules and leverage them in the main tf file. B. Upload your modules with proper versioning in the terraform public module registry .Terraform OSS is directly integrated with the public module registry , and can reference themodules from the code in the main tf file. C. Terraform module sharing is only available in Enterprise version via terraform privatemodule registry , so no way to enable it in OSS version. D. Store your modules in a NAS/ shared file server , and ask your team members todirectly reference the code from there. This is the only viable option in terraform OSS,which is better than individually maintaining module versions for every developer.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Software development encourages code reuse through reusable artifacts, such as libraries,
packages and modules. Most programming languages enable developers to package and
publish these reusable components and make them available on a registry or feed. For
example, Python has Python Package Index and PowerShell has PowerShell Gallery.
For Terraform users, the Terraform Registry enables the distribution of Terraform modules,
which are reusable configurations. The Terraform Registry acts as a centralized repository
for module sharing, making modules easier to discover and reuse.
The Registry is available in two variants:
* Public Registry houses official Terraform providers -- which are services that interact with
an API to expose and manage a specific resource -- and community-contributed modules.
* Private Registry is available as part of the Terraform Cloud, and can host modules
Terraform Enterprise (also referred to as pTFE) requires what type of backend database fora clustered deployment?
A. PostgreSQL B. Cassandra C. MySQL D. MSSQL
Answer: A
Explanation: Explanation
External Services mode stores the majority of the stateful data used by the instance in an
external PostgreSQL database and an external S3-compatible endpoint or Azure blob
storage. There is still critical data stored on the instance that must be managed with
snapshots. Be sure to check the PostgreSQL Requirements for information that needs to
be present for Terraform Enterprise to work. This option is best for users with expertise
managing PostgreSQL or users that have access to managed PostgreSQL offerings like
AWS RDS.
Question # 8
Using multi-cloud and provider-agnostic tools provides which of the following benefits?
A. Operations teams only need to learn and manage a single tool to manage infrastructure,regardless of where the infrastructure is deployed. B. Increased risk due to all infrastructure relying on a single tool for management. C. Can be used across major cloud providers and VM hypervisors. D. Slower provisioning speed allows the operations team to catch mistakes before they areapplied.
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
Using a tool like Terraform can be advantageous for organizations deploying workloads
across multiple public and private cloud environments. Operations teams only need to learn
a single tool, single language, and can use the same tooling to enable a DevOps-like
experience and workflows.
Question # 9
Your team has started using terraform OSS in a big way , and now wants to deploy multiregion deployments (DR) in aws using the same terraform files . You want to deploy thesame infra (VPC,EC2 …) in both us-east-1 ,and us-west-2 using the same script , and thenpeer the VPCs across both the regions to enable DR traffic. But , when you run your script ,all resources are getting created in only the default provider region. What should you do?Your provider setting is as below -# The default provider configuration provider "aws" { region = "us-east-1" }
A. No way to enable this via a single script . Write 2 different scripts with different defaultproviders in the 2 scripts , one for us-east , another for us-west. B. Create a list of regions , and then use a for-each to iterate over the regions , and createthe same resources ,one after the one , over the loop. C. Use provider alias functionality , and add another provider for us-west region . Whilecreating the resources using the tf script , reference the appropriate provider (using thealias). D. Manually create the DR region , once the Primary has been created , since you areusing terraform OSS , and multi region deployment is only available in TerraformEnterprise.
Answer: C
Explanation:
You can optionally define multiple configurations for the same provider, and select which
one to use on a per-resource or per-module basis. The primary reason for this is to support
multiple regions for a cloud platform; other examples include targeting multiple Docker
hosts, multiple Consul hosts, etc.
To include multiple configurations for a given provider, include multiple provider blocks with
the same provider name, but set the alias meta-argument to an alias name to use for each
additional configuration. For example:
# The default provider configuration
provider "aws" {
region = "us-east-1"
}
# Additional provider configuration for west coast region
What are some of the problems of how infrastructure was traditionally managed beforeInfrastructure as Code? (select three)
A. Requests for infrastructure or hardware required a ticket, increasing the time required todeploy applications B. Traditional deployment methods are not able to meet the demands of the modernbusiness where resources tend to live days to weeks, rather than months to years C. Traditionally managed infrastructure can't keep up with cyclic or elastic applications D. Pointing and clicking in a management console is a scalable approach and reduceshuman error as businesses are moving to a multi-cloud deployment model
Answer: A,B,C
Explanation:
Businesses are making a transition where traditionally-managed infrastructure can no
longer meet the demands of today's businesses. IT organizations are quickly adopting the
public cloud, which is predominantly API-driven. To meet customer demands and save
costs, application teams are architecting their applications to support a much higher level of
elasticity, supporting technology like containers and public cloud resources. These
resources may only live for a matter of hours; therefore the traditional method of raising a
ticket to request resources is no longer a viable option Pointing and clicking in a
management console is NOT scale and increases the change of human error.
Question # 11
Multiple provider instances blocks for AWS can be part of a single configuration file?
A. False B. True
Answer: B
Explanation:
You can optionally define multiple configurations for the same provider, and select which
one to use on a per-resource or per-module basis. The primary reason for this is to support
multiple regions for a cloud platform; other examples include targeting multiple Docker
hosts, multiple Consul hosts, etc.
To include multiple configurations for a given provider, include multiple provider blocks with
the same provider name, but set the alias meta-argument to an alias name to use for each
additional configuration. For example:
# The default provider configuration
provider "aws" {
region = "us-east-1"
}
# Additional provider configuration for west coast region
provider "aws" {
alias = "west"
region = "us-west-2"
}
The provider block without alias set is known as the default provider configuration. When
alias is set, it creates an additional provider configuration. For providers that have no
required configuration arguments, the implied empty configuration is considered to be the
The following is a snippet from a Terraform configuration file:Which, when validated, results in the following error:Fill in the blank in the error message with the correct string from the list below.
A. Rewrite Terraform configuration files to a canonical format and style. B. Deletes the existing configuration file. C. Updates the font of the configuration file to the official font supported by HashiCorp. D. Formats the state file in order to ensure the latest state of resources can be obtained.
Answer: A
Explanation:
The terraform fmt command is used to rewrite Terraform configuration files to a canonical
format and style. This command applies a subset of the Terraform language style
conventions, along with other minor adjustments for readability.
Other Terraform commands that generate Terraform configuration will produce
configuration files that conform to the style imposed by terraform fmt, so using this style in
What feature of Terraform Cloud and/or Terraform Enterprise can you publish and maintaina set of custom modules which can be used within your organization?
A. Terraform registry B. custom VCS integration C. private module registry D. remote runs
Answer: C
Question # 15
Your company has a lot of workloads in AWS , and Azure that were respectively createdusing CloudFormation , and AzureRM Templates. However , now your CIO has decided touse Terraform for all new projects , and has asked you to check how to integrate theexisting environment with terraform code. What should be your next plan of action?
A. Tell the CIO that this is not possible . Resources created in CloudFormation , andAzureRM templates cannot be tracked using terraform. B. Use terraform import command to import each resource one by one . C. This is only possible in Terraform Enterprise , which has the TerraformConverter exethat can take any other template language like AzureRM and convert to Terraform code. D. Just write the terraform config file for the new resources , and run terraform apply , thestate file will automatically be updated with the details of the new resources to be imported.
Answer: B
Question # 16
Which feature of Terraform allows multiple state files for a single configuration filedepending upon the environment?
A. Terraform Modules B. Terraform Enterprise C. Terraform Workspaces D. Terraform Remote Backends
Answer: C
Question # 17
Terraform Cloud is more powerful when you integrate it with your version control system(VCS) provider. Select all the supported VCS providers from the answers below. (selectfour)
A. GitHub B. CVS Version Control C. Azure DevOps Server D. Bitbucket Cloud E. GitHub Enterprise
Answer: A,C,D,E
Explanation: Explanation
Terraform Cloud supports the following VCS providers:
Select the feature below that best completes the sentence:The following list represents the different types of __________ available in Terraform.1. max2. min3. join4. replace5. list6. length7. range
A. Backends B. Data sources C. Named values D. Functions
Answer: D
Explanation:
The Terraform language includes a number of built-in functions that you can call from
within expressions to transform and combine values. The Terraform language does not
support user-defined functions, and only the functions built into the language are available
In terraform, most resource dependencies are handled automatically. Which of thefollowing statements describes best how terraform resource dependencies are handled?
A. Resource dependencies are identified and maintained in a file calledresource.dependencies. Each terraform provider is required to maintain a list of allresource dependencies for the provider and it's included with the plugin during initializationwhen terraform init is executed. The file is located in the terraform.d folder. B. The terraform binary contains a built-in reference map of all defined Terraform resourcedependencies. Updates to this dependency map are reflected in terraform versions. Toensure you are working with the latest resource dependency map you much be running thelatest version of Terraform. C. Resource dependencies are handled automatically by the depends_on meta_argument,which is set to true by default. D. Terraform analyses any expressions within a resource block to find references to otherobjects, and treats those references as implicit ordering requirements when creating,updating, or destroying resources.
Which of the following actions are performed during a terraform init?
A. Initializes downloaded and/or installed providers B. Initializes the backend configuration C. Provisions the declared resources in your configuration D. Download the declared providers which are supported by HashiCorp
Answer: A,B,D
Explanation:
The terraform init command is used to initialize a working directory containing Terraform
configuration files. This is the first command that should be run after writing a new
Terraform configuration or cloning an existing one from version control. It is safe to run this
command multiple times.
This command is always safe to run multiple times, to bring the working directory up to date
with changes in the configuration. Though subsequent runs may give errors, this command
Select the answer below that completes the following statement: Terraform Cloud can bemanaged from the CLI but requires __________?
A. an API token B. a TOTP token C. a username and password D. authentication using MFA
Answer: A
Explanation:
API and CLI access are managed with API tokens, which can be generated in the
Terraform Cloud UI. Each user can generate any number of personal API tokens, which
allow access with their own identity and permissions. Organizations and teams can also
generate tokens for automating tasks that aren't tied to an individual user.
Question # 22
What resource dependency information is stored in Terraform's state?
A. Only implicit dependencies are stored in state. B. Both implicit and explicit dependencies are stored in state. C. Only explicit dependencies are stored in state. D. No dependency information is stored in state.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Terraform state captures all dependency information, both implicit and explicit. One
purpose for state is to determine the proper order to destroy resources. When resources
are created all of their dependency information is stored in the state. If you destroy a
resource with dependencies, Terraform can still determine the correct destroy order for all
other resources because the dependencies are stored in the state.
Which of the following statements best describes the Terraform list(...) type?
A. a collection of values where each is identified by a string label. B. a sequence of values identified by consecutive whole numbers starting with zero. C. a collection of unique values that do not have any secondary identifiers or ordering. D. a collection of named attributes that each have their own type.
Answer: B
Explanation: Explanation
A terraform list is a sequence of values identified by consecutive whole numbers starting
