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CIMA P3 Sample Question Answers
Question # 1
The company WACC is often used as a discount rate when using net present value or internal rate of return calculations. Select THREE conditions that have to be met when using WACC as a discount rate:
A. If the capital structure changes, the weightings in the WACC will also change. B. The new investment does not carry a different business risk profile to the existing company's operations. C. The discount rate of the intended investment is a replica of the company’s existing activities. D. The company is completely equity-financed.
Answers: A,B,C Explanation: The capital structure has to be constant. If the business risk of the project is different, the CAPM would suggest that the required return of investors should be different. The WACC of a company reflects the level of risk and WACC is only an appropriate discount rate if the intended investment is a replica of the company’s existing activities in that it has the same level of risk.
Question # 2
A portfolio manager at Capital Asset Management Services, a well-known investment manager in the USA, is constructing a new equity portfolio consisting of a large number of randomly chosen stocks. Of the options below, select the MOST accurate statement with regard to the effect on the expected levels of systematic and unsystematic risk as the number of stocks in the portfolio increases: Systematic UnsystematicA Increases Remains the same B Decreases Increases C Remains the same Decreases D Remains the same Remains the same
A. Option A B. Option B C. Option C D. Option D
Answers: C Explanation: As randomly selected securities are added to a portfolio, the unsystematic (specific) risk decreases and the systematic (market) risk remains the same. Systematic (market) risk cannot be diversified away, hence it cannot increase or decrease. The unsystematic risk (specific) can be diversified away, hence it will increase or decrease based on the size of the portfolio.
Question # 3
Delta Co has hired a recently qualified CIMA Accountant. He is using an SML to determine the feasibility of a project. What should the status of the project be if its beta and IRR coordinates plot above the SML?
A. The project should be accepted. B. The project should be rejected. C. It will depend on the NPV of the project. D. Further information will be required for a decision.
Answers: A Explanation: The security market line (SML) is a line that graphs the systematic, or market, risk versus return of the whole market at a certain time and shows all risky marketable securities. The SML essentially graphs the results from the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) formula. The x-axis represents the risk (beta), and the y-axis represents the expected return. The market risk premium is determined from the slope of the SML.
Question # 4
Which of the following is TRUE if the estimated cost of equity of a project is calculated using the security market line SML approach? Select ALL that apply.
A. SML shows the relationship between the level of systematic risk and the corresponding required return. B. SML is the representation of the capital asset pricing model. C. SML applies only to firms with stable dividend growth rates. D. SML estimate is adjusted for risk. E. To implement this approach, estimates of a market risk premium and a beta coefficient have to be made. F. The quality of the estimate from the SML approach is sensitive to the quality of the estimates of the variables in the model.
Answers: A,B,D,E,F Explanation: The security market line (SML) is a line that graphs the systematic, or market, risk versus return of the whole market at a certain time and shows all risky marketable securities. The SML essentially graphs the results from the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) formula. The x-axis represents the risk (beta), and the y-axis represents the expected return. The market risk premium is determined from the slope of the SML.
Question # 5
What will be the risk-free rate of interest if the required return from individual security is 12.08%, the return on the market portfolio is 10.1%, and the Beta factor of an individual security is 2.8. Fill in the blank: __________ % (Answer with a round figure)
The shares of Root Co have a beta of 1.8. If the risk-free rate is 3% and the risk premium on the market portfolio is 8%, the required return using CAPM on Root's shares will be: Fill in the blank:_________ %
Answers: 17.4% Explanation: Required return = risk free rate + risk premium ke = Rf + [Rm – Rf] ß ke = 3% + [8%] * 1.8 = 17.4% Risk premium on market portfolio (market premium) = the difference between Rm & Rf = Rm - Rf = 8% NOT (8%-5%)
Question # 7
Delta Co-directors have calculated its Beta factor to be 0.6. A Beta (ß) of 0.6 means that:
A. The total return on the shares is 60% of the stock market average. B. The total risk of the company is 60% of the stock market average. C. The market risk of the shares as regards economic fluctuations is 60% of the stock market average. D. The non-systematic risk of the company is 60% of the stock market average.
Answers: C Explanation: Beta is a relative measure of systematic risk, comparing the systematic risk of the company or investment being considered with the average level of systematic risk in the stock market as a whole. If Beta = 1, the shares have the same systematic risk as the stock market average. The increase or decrease in this figure is with respect to the stock market average.
Question # 8
The risk that a shareholder of a company requires an extra return for (risk premium) is:
A. The systematic + unsystematic risk of the share B. The unsystematic risk of the share C. The systematic risk of the share D. The systematic – unsystematic risk of the share
Answers: C Explanation: The company carrying out the investment does not need to be well-diversified. The key issue is whether or not the ultimate shareholders have a sufficiently diversified portfolio to minimise the systematic or market-related risk.
Question # 9
Complete the sentence below as per the risks associated with an investment: By building a portfolio of investments, __________ risk can be reduced or diversified away. __________ risk is not reduced in this way, so will be present in all portfolios. Diversification reduces portfolio risk to a ___________ . If we can measure the ____________ risk of a company or investment, the CAPM will enable us to calculate the level of required __________for a well-diversified investor who is not subject to ___________ risk.1: Systematic2: Zero3: Unsystematic4: Return5: Minimum6: Risk
Answers:
1. unsystematic; 2. Systematic; 3. minimum; 4. systematic; 5. return; 6 unsystematic. By building a portfolio of investments, unsystematic risk can be reduced or diversified away. Systematic risk is not reduced in this way, so it will be present in all portfolios. Diversification reduces portfolio risk to a minimum. If we can measure the systematic risk of a company or investment, the CAPM will enable us to calculate the level of required return for a well-diversified investor who is not subject to unsystematic risk.
Question # 10
AB Constructions is a building developer based in Spain. For its next investment, the company is considering purchasing a large piece of land in the suburbs of Madrid. The land is currently owned by the local government, who would like AB Constructions to build both residential apartments and office space. AB Constructions has calculated that the net present value (NPV) of the project is negative. However this would be the first contract with the local government, and, if the company delivers on time, the government will offer AB Constructions more investments to build, and also the rates for the land will be more preferential. Which ONE of the following real options is included within the construction project?
A. Option to delay B. Option to follow on C. Option to return D. Option to abandon
Answers: B Explanation: Option to follow on - usually when the project has a positive NPV. However a project with a negative NPV could provide the business with the opportunity to invest in other, more profitable projects in the future. Option to abandon - when a project requires a large capital investment and has an uncertain outcome. Option to delay - to delay the start time of a project. There is no such thing as an option to return according to real options theory.
Question # 11
Which ONE of the following is NOT a category of real option?
A. The abandonment option B. Timing options C. The commitment option D. Strategic investment options E. Follow-on options
Answers: C Explanation: For investment decisions, there are three option types to be considered: A - The abandonment option (financial put option). B - Timing options (financial call option) – sometimes referred to as "wait and see options". D, E - Strategic investment options (financial call option) – sometimes referred to as "follow-on options".
Question # 12
The NPV approach to investment appraisal makes two assumptions. Which TWO of the following are NOT assumptions in the NPV approach to investment appraisal?
A. A project is reversible B. A project is irreversible C. A project can be delayed D. A project cannot be delayed
Answers: A,C Explanation: The assumption that a project is reversible implies that if the project does not work out, the original investment can be recovered and applied to a new project. This is flawed, as in most significant projects the original investment will either be wholly or partly irreversible. In some instances, it may not be possible to delay an investment decision, but in the majority of cases, a delay is possible – although there may be costs associated with delay.
Question # 13
Gamma Co’s directors are studying call and put options to understand the details of real options. Complete the sentence below as per Gamma Co’s requirements: A put option is an option to __________ a specified asset at a specified exercise price on or _________ a specified __________ date. 1: sell 2: befor 3: eafter 4: expiry 5: buy 6: exercise
Answers: 1: sell; 2: before; 3: exercise.
Question # 14
Alpha Co is evaluating a new investment project for which it will have to invest in a non-current asset worth $1,200,000. The cash flows from the project for the next four years will be as follows: Sales = $2,000,000 per year Costs = $1,200,000 per year Tax rate of the company for the entire duration of the project will be 25%, and the asset will be depreciated on a straight-line basis over the life of the project. The cost of capital of Alpha Co is 8%. What is the percentage sensitivity of the discount rate to the project if the IRR of the 2nd project is 20%?
A. 7% B. 12% C. 25% D. 17%
Answers: Net cash flow ($) (1,200)675 675 675 675 DF @ 20% 1 0.833 0.694 0.579 0.482 PV of cash flow ($) (1,200)562.275 548.45390.825 325.35 NPV = $546,900 IRR = R1 + (R2 – R1) × NPV1/(NPV1 – NPV2) IRR = 0.08 + (0.20 – 0.08) × $1,035.6/($1,035.6 – $546.9) IRR = 0.334 or 33% The IRR of the project should be calculated, and the difference between the existing cost of capital and the IRR then indicates the sensitivity to the discount rate. Sensitivity to the discount rate = 33 – 8 = 25%
Question # 15
Alpha Co is evaluating a new investment project for which it will have to invest in a non-current asset worth $1,200,000. The cashflows from the project for the next four years will be as follows: Sales = $2,000,000 per year Costs = $1,200,000 per year Tax rate of the company for the entire duration of the project will be 25%, and the asset will be depreciated on a straight-line basis over the life of the project. The cost of capital of Alpha Co is 8%. What is the approximate IRR of the project, assuming the second discount rate of 20%?
A. 15% B. 20% C. 25% D. 33%
Answers: NPV at discount rate of 8% is taken from the question 9, i.e. Total NPV = $1,035,600 (NPV 1) Net cash flow ($) (1,200)675 675 675 675 DF @ 20% 1 0.833 0.694 0.579 0.482 PV of cash flow ($) (1,200)562.275 548.45390.825 325.35 NPV = $546,900 IRR = R1 + (R2 – R1) × NPV1/(NPV1 – NPV2) IRR = 0.08 + (0.20 – 0.08) × $1,035.6/($1,035.6 – $546.9) IRR = 0.334 or 33%
Question # 16
Alpha Co is evaluating a new investment project for which it will have to invest in a non-current asset worth $1,200,000. The cashflows from the project for the next four years will be as follows: Sales = $2,000,000 per year Costs = $1,200,000 per year Tax rate of the company for the entire duration of the project will be 25%, and the asset will be depreciated on a straight-line basis over the life of the project. The cost of capital of Alpha Co is 8%. What is the percentage sensitivity to tax rate on the whole project? ________ % (answer with a round figure)
Answers: 250% Explanation: Sensitivity to tax rate: = (NPV/PV of cash flows affected by the estimate of tax rate) × 100% = [$1,035.6/(($200 – $75) × 3.312)] × 100% = 250% i.e. if the tax rate were to rise by 250%, the NPV would fall to zero.
Question # 17
Alpha Co is evaluating a new investment project for which it will have to invest in a non-current asset worth $1,200,000. The cashflows from the project for the next four years will be as follows: Sales = $2,000,000 per year Costs = $1,200,000 per year Tax rate of the company for the entire duration of project will be 25%, and the asset will be depreciated on a straight line basis over the life of project. The cost of capital of Alpha Co is 8%. By what percentage can sales fall before the NPV of the project becomes zero (sensitivity to sales)?
A. 9.9% B. 10.8% C. 11.9% D. 20.8%
Answers: D Explanation: Sensitivity to sales (i.e. how much sales can fall before NPV becomes zero) = (NPV/PV of cashflows affected by the estimate of sales) × 100% = [$1,035.6/($2,000 × (1 – 0.25) × 3.312)] × 100% = 20.8% i.e. if sales were to fall by 20.8% (to $1,584,000 per annum) then the NPV would be zero.
Question # 18
Which THREE of the following statements are CORRECT regarding the internal rate of return (IRR) method?
A. The rate at which discounted cash inflow is more than discounted cash outflow B. The internal rate of return does not consider the time value of money. C. IRR can be viewed as a breakeven cost of capital. D. The IRR allows for sensitivity analysis on the estimated discount rate. E. If the IRR of a project is 10%, its NPV, using a discount rate greater than 10%, will be less than 0.
Answers: C, D, E Explanation: The internal rate of return (IRR) of a project indicates the discount rate at which the NPV is zero. Therefore, it can be alternatively called the breakeven cost of capital. IRR is the rate at which the NPV of a project becomes zero. So, if the discount rate is greater than IRR, NPV will be less than zero.
Question # 19
Complete the sentence below as per the Internal rate of return (IRR):The internal rate of return (IRR) of a project indicates the ______ at which the NPV is _______ . For most normal projects (i.e. cash outflow followed by inflows) the project NPV will be __________ for discount rates > IRR.1: discount factor 2: zero 3:discount rate 4: negative 5: positive
Answers: The internal rate of return (IRR) of a project indicates the discount rate at which the NPV is zero. For most normal projects (i.e. cash outflow followed by inflows) the project NPV will be negative for discount rates > IRR.
Question # 20
Which ONE of the following is NOT an advantage of incorporating risk in discount rate while calculating Net Present Value?
A. A positive NPV should indicate that the project return is sufficiently high to compensate for the risks involved and still give the shareholders again. B. A risk management policy can be seen to be beneficial if either it improves future cash flows and/or reduces the cost of capital (discount rates) used. C. Cash flows can be improved by risk management because volatile profits may subject companies to higher tax rates in certain years than if profits had been more stable. D. Costs of financial distress can be avoided. E. Lower perceived risk should result in a higher cost of equity and no change in the cost of debt.
Answers: E Explanation: Lower perceived risk should result in a reduced cost of equity and a lower cost of debt. The NPV approach can be used to understand the potential benefits of risk management, which are as follows: Given the high correlation between corporate value and NPVs, a risk management policy can be seen to be beneficial if either it improves future cash flows and/or reduces the cost of capital (discount rates) used. Cash flows can be improved by risk management in a number of ways: Volatile profits may subject companies to higher tax rates in certain years than if profits had been more stable. Costs of financial distress can be avoided. As well as facing higher financing costs, a company facing financial distress may find that, for example, customers may demand better warranty schemes or may be reluctant to buy a product due to concerns about the corporation’s ability to fulfill its warranty, employees may demand higher salaries, senior management may ask for golden hellos before agreeing to work for the corporation, and suppliers may be unwilling to offer favourable credit terms.
Question # 21
The concept of "time value of money" assumes that money received now is worth more than the expectation of the same amount being received at a later time in the future – the timing of a cash flow affects its perceived value to us. Select ALL the underlying features that apply to this concept of the time value of money:
A. Cash received sooner could be invested and earn a return. B. Cash received sooner could be used to repay finance, thus saving interest. C. Cash received sooner will buy more goods because inflation erodes the purchasing power of the money. D. The higher the level of risk, the less certain the expectation of future cash flows become, thus making them less valuable to us when making a decision.
Answers: A, B, C, D Explanation: A key principle underpinning the use of discounted cash flow techniques is the "time value of money". All the options are true because the idea that money available at the present time is worth more than the same amount in the future is due to its potential earning capacity. This core principle of finance holds that, provided money can earn interest, any amount of money is worth more the sooner it is received.
Question # 22
Lina Co is a large private company whose business activity is events management, involving the
organisation of conferences, meetings and celebratory events for companies. Lina Co
was founded 10 years ago by Danny Hudson and his sister, Stella, who still own the majority of the
company’s shares. The company has grown rapidly and now employs more than
150 staff in 20 offices.
Currently there is a small internal audit team, under the supervision of Lindsay Montana, a recently
qualified accountant. Before heading up the internal audit department, Lindsay
was a junior finance manager of the company. The members of the internal audit team will be
reassigned to roles in the finance department if internal audit is outsourced.
The internal audit team has three employees, including Lindsay, who reports to the finance director.
The other two internal auditors are currently studying for their professional
examinations. The team was set up two years ago and initially focused on introducing financial controls
across all of LinaCo’s offices. Nine months ago the finance director instructed
the team to focus their attention on introducing operational controls in order to achieve cost savings due
to a cashflow problem being suffered by the company. The team does not
have time to perform much testing of financial or operational controls.
In the course of her work, Lindsay found many instances of management policies not being adhered to
and that the managers of each location were generally reluctant to introduce
controls as they wanted to avoid bureaucracy and paperwork. As a result, Lindsay’s recommendations
are often ignored.
Three weeks ago, Lindsay discovered fraudulent activity at one of the offices while reviewing the
procedures relating to the approval of new suppliers and payments made to suppliers.
The fraud involved an account manager authorising the payment of invoices received from fictitious
suppliers, with payment actually being made into the account manager’s personal
bank account. Lindsay reported the account manager to the finance director, and the manager was
immediately removed from office. This situation has highlighted to Danny and
Stella that something needs to be done to improve controls within their organisation. ?
Which ONE of the following statements is incorrect?
A. Keeping internal audit in-house will be beneficial as Lindsay has relatively more experience of
financial reporting, auditing techniques and commercial and business awareness B. It is beneficial to outsource internal audit because, if the recommendations come from an
independent source that has authority and is supported by senior management, they are
more likely to be followed. C. Outsourcing the function will allow an immediate increase in the resource base, meaning that more
work can be quickly performed D. Lindsay and the rest of her team can be reallocated to other parts of the business. The finance team
may benefit from extra resources if the company continues to grow.
Answer:A
Question # 23
Lina Co is a large private company whose business activity is events management, involving the
organisation of conferences, meetings and celebratory events for companies. Lina Co
was founded 10 years ago by Danny Hudson and his sister, Stella, who still own the majority of the
company’s shares. The company has grown rapidly and now employs more than
150 staff in 20 offices.
Currently there is a small internal audit team, under the supervision of Lindsay Montana, a recently
qualified accountant. Before heading up the internal audit department, Lindsay
was a junior finance manager of the company. The members of the internal audit team will be
reassigned to roles in the finance department if internal audit is outsourced.
The internal audit team has three employees, including Lindsay, who reports to the finance director.
The other two internal auditors are currently studying for their professional
examinations. The team was set up two years ago and initially focused on introducing financial controls
across all of LinaCo’s offices. Nine months ago the finance director instructed
the team to focus their attention on introducing operational controls in order to achieve cost savings due
to a cashflow problem being suffered by the company. The team does not
have time to perform much testing of financial or operational controls.
In the course of her work, Lindsay found many instances of management policies not being adhered to
and that the managers of each location were generally reluctant to introduce
controls as they wanted to avoid bureaucracy and paperwork. As a result, Lindsay’s recommendations
are often ignored.
Three weeks ago, Lindsay discovered fraudulent activity at one of the offices while reviewing the
procedures relating to the approval of new suppliers and payments made to suppliers.
The fraud involved an account manager authorising the payment of invoices received from fictitious
suppliers, with payment actually being made into the account manager’s personal
bank account. Lindsay reported the account manager to the finance director, and the manager was
immediately removed from office. This situation has highlighted to Danny and
Stella that something needs to be done to improve controls within their organisation. ?
Which ONE of the following statements is incorrect?
A. Keeping internal audit in-house will be beneficial as Lindsay has relatively more experience of
financial reporting, auditing techniques and commercial and business awareness B. It is beneficial to outsource internal audit because, if the recommendations come from an
independent source that has authority and is supported by senior management, they are
more likely to be followed C. Outsourcing the function will allow an immediate increase in the resource base, meaning that more
work can be quickly performed. D. Lindsay and the rest of her team can be reallocated to other parts of the business. The finance team
may benefit from extra resources if the company continues to grow.
Answer:A
Question # 24
Walsh Co sells motor vehicle fuel, accessories and spares to retail customers. The company owns 25
shops.
The company has recently implemented a new computerised wages system. Employees work a
standard eight-hour day. Hours are recorded using a magnetic card system; when each
employee arrives for work, they hold their card close to the card reader; the reader recognises the
magnetic information on the card identifying the employee as being ‘at work’. When
the employee leaves work at the end of the day the process is reversed, showing that the employee has
left work.
Hours worked are calculated each week by the computer system using the magnetic card information.
Overtime is calculated as any excess over the standard hours worked. Any
overtime over 10% of standard hours put in a computer-generated report and emailed to the financial
accountant. If necessary, the accountant overrides overtime payments if the
hours worked are incorrect.
Statutory deductions and net pay are also computer-calculated, with payments being made directly into
the employee’s bank account. The only other manual check is the financial
accountant authorising the net pay from Walsh’s bank account, having reviewed the list of wages to be
paid.
Which TWO of the following statements are correct?
A. Test data can be used to check that the overtime report is being created correctly and audit software
can monitor that only the accountant’s password can be used to override the
overtime payment B. Using test data, the auditor can check the deduction and net pay calculations of a significant
proportion of wages calculations – or all of them if necessary C. After initial setup costs, using computer-aided audit techniques is likely to be cost effective; the
same audit software programs can be run each year as long as accounting systems do
not change.
Answer:A & C
Question # 25
Fizzipop manufactures and distributes soft drinks. Its inventories are controlled using a real-time
system that provides accurate records of quantities and costs of inventories held at
any point in time. This system is known within the company as the ‘Stockpop’ system and it is
integrated with the purchases and sales system.
No year-end inventory count takes place. Inventories are held in several large warehouses where nonstop production takes place. Inventories include finished goods and raw materials
(water, sugar, sweeteners, carbonating materials, flavourings, cans, bottles, bottle tops, fastenings and
packaging materials). Fizzipop has an internal audit department whose activities
encompass inventories.
The internal audit department is considering the use of computer-assisted audit techniques in carrying
out their work.
Which ONE of the following is an example of such a technique?
A. Use test data to determine whether the system rejects entries outside certain pre-determined
parameters. B. Use test data to perform certain preliminary analytical procedures to establish which warehouses to
visit (such as those where the records indicate that large volumes of inventories
are held) C. Use test data to review all exception reports produced by the system to see if there are any recurring
or old items and to ensure that all errors and exceptions are being dealt with on a
timely basis.
Answer: A
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